TNF and chronic kidney disease: TNF-α inhibitor use was associated with increased risks of MI (aHR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.03–3.35), TB (aHR, 2.68; 95% CI, 1.47–4.90), and CKD (aHR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.51–3.42), alongside a reduced risk of stroke (aHR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.27–1.00).