While neoadjuvant checkpoint blockade has demonstrated promise, its role in the post-neoadjuvant setting remains uncertain, as evidenced by the BreastImmune-03 trial, a phase II study evaluating nivolumab (anti-PD-1) plus ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4) versus capecitabine in TNBC patients with residual cancer burden after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery. This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and cancer.