INS and vitiligo: Very recently, our group investigated IGF-1/insulin signaling, observing the coexistence of elevated AMPK, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), and overactivation of mTOR and its target pS6 in vitiligo melanocytes, keratinocytes, and fibroblasts, evidencing the lack of coordination between AMPK and mTOR/S6 [130].