NFE2L2 and pulmonary emphysema: With respect to emphysema, as the disease is strongly linked with oxidative damage and chronic inflammation, nutrients such as Vitamins C and E, polyphenols, and omega-3 fatty acids could induce or down-regulate the gene expression of antioxidant defenses (e.g., Nrf2) and inflammation (e.g., NF-κB), respectively.