RASSF4 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: During the initiation stage of disease, RASSF4 drives malignant transformation through epigenetic silencing: in precancerous lesions such as GC and HNSCC, the CpG island in its promoter region exhibits abnormal hypermethylation, with detection rates increasing from 28% in early stages to 67% in advanced stages, leading to transcriptional silencing [18,43].