Moreover, Tat-NTS—a related peptide—protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by enhancing SUMOylation of ANXA1, thereby promoting NBR1-dependent selective autophagic degradation of IKKα, suppressing NF-κB activation, and reducing IL-1β and TNF-α release in microglia. Here, IL1B is linked to brain ischemia.