Both whole CM and its exosomes have demonstrated efficacy in reducing diabetic nephropathy in rat models by downregulating key nephropathy-associated genes, including transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), integrin subunit beta-2, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) [124]. Here, HAVCR1 is linked to Nephropathy.