TNF and cancer: Although some crucial pathways (e.g., MAPK, Apoptosis, ERBB, JAK-STAT) were not top-ranked, core genes within these pathways (AKT1, EGFR, CASP3, TNF, SRC) showed high connectivity in the PPI network, reinforcing their relevance to the anti-cancer mechanisms of Siegesbeckiae Herba constituents.