In this context, pretreatment serum levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-27 are elevated in Brazilian individuals with untreated kala-azar [13,14,15]. The gene discussed is CXCL8; the disease is visceral leishmaniasis.