In addition to these decision-support tools, molecular diagnostics have emerged as a critical component of PP: The study by Cennamo et al. (2024) [129] introduced an innovative surface plasmon resonance–plastic optical fiber (SPR-POF) biosensor designed for the rapid, label-free detection of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in saliva, a key proinflammatory BMs associated with the early phases of periodontitis. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and periodontitis.