TNF and atherosclerosis: Moreover, Sun et al. found that daily AS IV administration at 20 mg/kg in rats upregulated Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) through NF-κB inhibition, resulting in decreased serum concentrations of ox-LDL, Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, and IL-18, thereby suppressing atherosclerosis progression [56].