Together, these observations support a development strategy that (i) profiles gut and intratumoral microbiomes and metabolites before NAC/AC, (ii) pilots selective antimicrobial, pre/pro/synbiotic, or dietary interventions, and (iii) quantifies tumor microbial drug-modifying enzymes (e.g., cytidine deaminase) in resection specimens. Here, CDA is linked to neoplasm.