CXCR4 and neoplasm: CXCR4 antagonists are a novel class of therapeutic agents that inhibit the CXCR4/CXCL12 signalling axis, which regulates tumour progression, metastasis, immune suppression, and chemoresistance by providing a microenvironment in which aggressive tumours like TNBC can thrive and evade the body’s defence mechanisms [13].