MAPK1 and colorectal carcinoma: Taken together, our findings paint a coherent picture: curcumin dismantles the inflammation-induced survival network (PAR-2 → ERK → NF-κB/TNF-α → Bcl 2) that would normally shield CRC cells from apoptosis, thereby allowing both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways to proceed to completion. “Although curcumin is known to modulate transcription factors like p53 and NF-κB in other models, our study did not directly assess these factors.