Despite the presence of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of PCa, immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) trials have been underwhelming in this setting22,23 and there is no established role for tumor immune profiling in guiding treatment of PCa: pathologic diagnosis remains focused on tumor morphology using H&E images and tumor-specific markers (e.g. AMACR, NKX3). Here, NKX3-1 is linked to neoplasm.