Furthermore, the development of a dynamic monitoring framework incorporating microenvironment-specific biomarkers is essential to bridge the gap between “well-established mechanisms and insufficient c IL - 1βIL-6, TNF-α, and IL - 1β serve as key inflammatory mediators in depression, each promoting tumor proliferation, metastasis, and metabolic reprogramming through activation of shared signaling pathways such as NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3K/AKT. Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.