The TNF-β related signaling pathways are closely related to the occurrence and development of many diseases, such as autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease) (32), neurological diseases (multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease) (33, 34), cardiovascular diseases (atherosclerosis, aortic dissection) (35), and cancer (36). Here, LTA is linked to atherosclerosis.