The stimulation-induced production of IFN-γ and TNF-α was significantly lower in individuals with obesity versus lean individuals with 53.88% ± 19.48% and 71.78% ± 14.21% of IFN-γ+ and TNF-α+ cells in lean individuals versus 34.74% ± 18.08% and 62.62% ± 16.68% in individuals with obesity, respectively (Figures 6A, C). Here, TNF is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.