Considerably elevated numbers of IFN-γ-expressing CD8-positive cells were further observed in lung tissues from the NanoTAC (+L) group, suggesting that CTL recruitment was driven by the in vivo vaccine effect after primary tumor eradication via pyroptosis (Fig. 6g and Supplementary Fig. 33).78,79 In line with these results, treatment with NanoTAC (+L) significantly improved the survival outcomes of mice with metastatic tumors (Fig. 6h). This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and neoplasm.