Systemic administration of NanoTAC promoted a TME with sufficient oxygen availability to support efficient PDT by inhibiting glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration through tumor HK2 degradation, resulting in depletion of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) and extracellular lactate compared with the basal levels in the saline group (Fig. 4d, e and Supplementary Fig. 22). The gene discussed is HIF1A; the disease is neoplasm.