IFNL1 and ulcerative colitis: Table 3 shows the associations of inflammatory bowel disease with measured plasma levels of interferons or soluble isoforms of interferon receptors in the UK Biobank proteomics study, and with the GATE scores for these proteins. The GATE score for IFNL1, which encodes interferon-λ1, was inversely associated with inflammatory bowel disease, consistent with the direction of association of GATE scores for ISGs. Figure 2 shows that this association was strongest for ulcerative colitis (standardized log odds ratio −0.30, P = 6 × 10−5).