For control versus planar (Figure S9, Supporting Information), enriched pathways included PI3K-AKT signaling, MAPK signaling, and rheumatoid arthritis, reflecting the immunomodulatory role of MXene coatings.[42,43] In contrast, for hybrid versus coated control (Figure 8b), pathways associated with the regulation of actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesion were upregulated, while IL-17 signaling, osteoclast differentiation, rheumatoid arthritis, and TNF signaling were downregulated. Here, TNF is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.