Activation of MAPK family members-including ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK-has been demonstrated to promote mesangial cell proliferation, ECM accumulation, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, collectively contributing to glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis in DKD (57). The gene discussed is MAPK8; the disease is glomerulosclerosis.