HMGB1 and Sepsis: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results showed a significant increase in secretion of pyroptosis-related cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-18, IL-1α, IL-33, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and high mobility group box one protein (HMGB1), along with necrosis-related cytokine lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in both CD4+ T lymphocyte culture supernatant and serum of mice in the sepsis group compared to the control group (Fig. 1H and I).