TNF and neoplasm: Chronic low-grade inflammation is considered a hallmark of the tumor microenvironment, and elevated levels of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are often observed in CRC patients, suggesting that inflammatory responses may play a pivotal role in CRC development (Hidayat et al., 2021; Hua et al., 2021).