INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Type 1 diabetes is commonly preceded by seroconversion to one or multiple islet autoantibodies, including insulin autoantibodies (IAAs), glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GADAs), insulinoma-like 2 autoantibodies (IA-2As), and zinc transporter 8 autoantibodies (ZnT8As).