AKT1 and cancer: Functional enrichment analysis of the 53 DEGs using the clusterProfiler R package revealed significant enrichment in six biological processes (BP) and KEGG pathways (Fig. 6D, E), including ‘Proteoglycans in cancer’, ‘PI3K − Akt signaling pathway’ and ‘Focal adhesion’, highlighting their pivotal roles in Yanhusuo’s therapeutic action.