In malaria patients with HbS, serum levels of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are lower compare to malaria patients without HbS [31]. Here, TNF is linked to malaria.