Current standard of care for clinically detectable, resectable stage III melanoma includes adjuvant anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) therapy or BRAF-targeted therapy for patients treated with upfront resection, or neoadjuvant nivolumab plus ipilimumab followed by adjuvant therapy based on pathological response and BRAF status, or neoadjuvant plus adjuvant pembrolizumab1–5. This evidence concerns the gene BRAF and melanoma.