Consistent with these findings, we found CD4 T cells in E-COPD exhibit upregulated IL2-STAT5 and IL6-JAK-STAT3 signaling by both ORA and GSVA analyses and E-COPD showed increased IL-17 production pathway in GSVA analysis compared to controls (Fig. 2b, e–g). Here, IL6 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.