All subsets of pulmonary macrophages, including PPARG, monocytic, and C1Q pulmonary macrophages in E-COPD, showed upregulated inflammatory pathways such as IFN-γ signaling (Supplementary Fig. 6a–c), which has been associated with the inhibition of glucocorticoid signaling52. This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.