IL25 and hepatocellular carcinoma: In HCC models, broad-spectrum antibiotic combinations (vancomycin, cefoperazone, ampicillin, neomycin, and metronidazole) induce colonic tuft cells to overexpress IL-25, which promotes macrophage alternative activation and CXCL10 secretion within the TME, ultimately accelerating HCC progression[79].