BCL9 and glioma: Chi et al. (2019) observed that matrine induces apoptosis and autophagy in glioma cells by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. This effect is accompanied by the downregulation of circ-104075 and Bcl-9 expression, indicating that matrine exerts its antitumor effects in glioma through the suppression of key oncogenic pathways and circRNA-mediated mechanisms. SHARPIN is a conserved protein of approximately 40 kDa that is widely expressed across various human tissues (Wang et al., 2012).