To elucidate the role of the high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)/receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) pathway in AF, lipopolysaccharide (LPS; an HMGB1/RAGE pathway activator) and FPS-ZM1 (a RAGE inhibitor) were employed. This evidence concerns the gene HMGB1 and atrial fibrillation.