Therapeutic strategies include:Natural agents: Mulberry leaves (inhibit GRP78/MAPK), astaxanthin (antagonizes ERS apoptosis), quercetin (downregulates ET-1/MAPK); Synthetic drugs: Darbepoetin alfa (activates PI3K/Akt/STAT3), candesartan cilexetil (improves calcium homeostasis and inhibits TRAF2/IRE-1α), diuretics (reduce ERS markers) Thus, targeting ERS pathways and their interactomes (calcium homeostasis/autophagy/redox) represents a pivotal therapeutic approach for DCM. The gene discussed is HSPA5; the disease is familial dilated cardiomyopathy.