WFS1 and Waardenburg syndrome type 1: WS type 1 (WS1) is caused by a mutation in the WFS1 gene or Wolframin gene, located on chromosome 4p16.1, encoding the Wolframin protein, which is involved in the regulation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)’s unfolded protein response (UPR) within the pancreatic beta-cells and other tissues (9).