INS and diabetes mellitus: Current evidence-based management of T2DM comprises pharmacotherapy, dietary modification, physical activity, self-monitoring of blood glucose, and diabetes education.[4] Among these interventions, regular physical activity plays a crucial role by improving insulin sensitivity, enhancing glucose utilization, and promoting weight management.[5] However, patient adherence to exercise regimens remains challenging, with factors such as low exercise self-efficacy (ESE) contributing significantly to poor compliance.[6]