SIRT3 and osteoarthritis: Inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/mTOR pathway has been shown to enhance autophagy in osteoarthritis chondrocytes, leading to reduced inflammation and protection against cartilage degradation.[29] Additionally, overexpression of sirtuin 3 can alleviate osteoarthritis symptoms by modulating the mTOR pathway, boosting autophagy while lowering apoptosis and inflammation.[30] However, excessive autophagy may also contribute to cell death in cartilage affected by osteoarthritis,[31] highlighting its context-dependent dual effects.