Another similar case of parallel pathways has been observed in MEFs in vitro at early stages of infection with pneumolysin-expressing S. pneumoniae, where LC3 lipidation occurred independently of RB1CC1/FIP200 (a member of the ULK1 complex required for canonical autophagy) and also independently of ROS leading to LAPosome-like vacuoles formation. Here, MAP1LC3A is linked to infection.