REN and Hypertension: For instance, hypertension is more common among women with PMDs.47 Dysfunction of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to hypertension by altering sodium balance, blood volume, and arterial constriction regulation.48 Additionally, RAAS dysfunction appears to be associated with premenstrual symptoms, such as bloating and swelling, which are key contributors to bodily pain and indirectly affect QOL.49