CCND1 and posterior cortical atrophy: It is thought that metformin’s anti-proliferative effects in PCa cells are linked to AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-independent inhibition of the cell-cycle regulator cyclin D1 in the G0/G1 phase; therefore, an energy source deprivation would ultimately lead to cellular apoptosis [52]. Such an important aspect of metformin on cancer cells has been observed among other malignancies through the same or similar antiapoptotic mechanisms.