Unexpectedly, NINJ1 deficiency did not rescue BMDMs from death (Fig. 3f), which contrasts with previous observations of comorbid heat stress and infection, another PANoptosis model.24 Similar results were observed in THP-1 cells, although the percentage of PI+ cells decreased somewhat after NINJ1 ablation (Supplementary Fig. 3j–m). This evidence concerns the gene NINJ1 and infection.