Compared with levels <0.718 mg/L, cystatin C levels of 0.718–0.932 mg/L and >0.932 mg/L were linked to higher risks, particularly among individuals aged >59 years (HRs: 1.545 and 3.458), current smokers (1.484 and 2.201), and those with hypertension (1.401 and 2.279). Here, CST3 is linked to Hypertension.