TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: We, therefore, analyzed the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) in RA-FLS cells and observed that 2-OHE2 at 1.25 μM significantly reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (Figure 2D), suggesting that 2-OHE2 has the potential to suppress inflammation by targeting TNF-α.