Indeed, in mice treated with AuNPs-Cys-Sm29 only, levels of IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-10 are significantly higher compared to AuNPs-Cys-Sm29 + Sbv. Additionally, AuNPs exhibit antioxidant activity, inducing more pronounced effects in a model of acute kidney injury compared to N-acetylcysteine [33]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and acute kidney injury.