In patients with diabetes, the following NETosis markers were significantly increased after HFHD treatment compared with HDF; dsDNA (P = 0.03, n = 9), PAD4 (P = 0.04, n = 10), and NE (P = 0.03, n = 10) (Figure 1c); whereas H3 (P = 0.6, n = 10) and MPO (P = 0.2, n = 10,) markers were not significantly different (Supplementary Figure S2B). The gene discussed is PADI4; the disease is diabetes mellitus.