EPO and chronic kidney disease: Studies indicate that female CKD patients, particularly those with uncontrolled diabetes, exhibit a higher prevalence of anemia compared to males, emphasizing the need for gender-specific management strategies.16 Poor glycemic control in diabetic patient’s further increases anemia risk, exacerbated by chronic inflammation and reduced erythropoietin production.17 Additionally, iron deficiency affects approximately 50% of CKD patients and is associated with increased risks of kidney failure and mortality, significantly impairing quality of life in advanced disease stages.18,19