These findings reinforce the multifactorial etiology of cognitive impairment, wherein neuromuscular decline and cognitive dysfunction may be linked via shared pathophysiological pathways, including low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and dysregulation of neurotrophic factors (Dercon et al., 2021; Gregorio and Battaglia, 2024; Tanaka et al., 2024; Nazzi et al., 2024; Zabetian-Targhi et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene INS and Cognitive impairment.