INS and diabetes mellitus: Our study presents a few limitations besides its small size: it was a cross-sectional analysis; several patients were excluded due to missing serum CP values; the lack of regression analyses and adjustment for potential confounders (age, BMI, sex, diabetes duration, dialysis vintage) limits the independence of the associations found; no logarithmic transformation or sensitivity analysis was performed on the highly variable CAC scores; finally, no information on insulin type and dosage was obtained for most patients.