Additionally, they regulate the gene expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucokinase (GCK), significantly decreasing the expression of the insulin receptor (INSR) in the liver, thereby improving glucose metabolism and mitigating diabetes-induced liver cell apoptosis (Mousavi-Niri et al., 2023). The gene discussed is INSR; the disease is diabetes mellitus.