IL1B and osteoarthritis: In addition, stevioside suppresses inflammation by downregulating the IκBα/NF-κB, MAPK, and TLR4-mediated immune signaling pathways, reducing the release of IL-6, TNF-α, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and nitric oxide (NO) (Boonkaewwan et al., 2006; Boonkaewwan and Burodom, 2013), and regulating the Bax/Bcl-2/Caspase-3 signaling cascade to inhibit apoptosis, particularly in osteoarthritis and inflammation-related cartilage damage (Cai et al., 2023).