AKT1 and ischemia: Exosomes from Panax notoginseng and Momordica charantia exhibit cross-species neuroprotection, with demonstrated capacity to attenuate cerebral IRI through PI3K/Akt pathway activation, which is a conserved cytoprotective mechanism transferable to renal and other ischemia models (Cai et al., 2022; Li et al., 2023).