In this process, IL-1β and TNF-α promote M2-type polarization of macrophages and activate angiogenic factors (Pan et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2024; Pérez and Rius-Pérez, 2022), creating a positive feedback loop that exacerbates inflammation and promotes tumor cell proliferation (Gao et al., 2022). Here, IL1B is linked to neoplasm.